Basically, a double boiler is an indirect heating device used to heat or melt delicate items that are typically easily burned, such as chocolate, milk, cheese, and certain sauces. Perhaps steamer might be a more applicable term since steam is the primary form of heat used in this process. A double boiler works by boiling water in a pot. A second pot is affixed to the top of the first pot and contains the items to be heated. The item(s) is (are) heated indirectly by the steam coming from the boiling water, thus preventing burning or scorching.
Direct vs. indirect heating
Most conventional oven cooking is accomplished by simply placing metal or glass containers over direct heat on the stovetop or under direct heat in the oven. This method is perfect for solid items such as meats, vegetables, rice, and grains. More delicate food items such as chocolate, milk, cheese, and eggs benefit from indirect heat that allows them to heat up slowly and thoroughly.
Pulling double duty
You might be surprised to find that double boilers can be used in a number of different ways that do not involve the heating of foods. For instance, hot process soap can be made using double in the same manner that you would use it to warm up food. Amateur candle makers, etc. use double boilers to melt wax. Since, in controlled environments, the boiling point of water typically does not exceed 212 degrees Fahrenheit, soaps and waxes are safe from scorching or burning. The steam also tends to keep them in a liquefied state so that you do not have to be concerned about them solidifying between projects.
Double boiler brands
There are number of different double boiler brands on the market today. Below are a couple of popular double boilers among consumers.
Pyrex Double Boiler - the fact that the Pyrex Double Boiler is made completely of glass instantly makes them a unique item. But beware of chips and stains on these vintage double boilers.
Calphalon Double Boiler - the Calphalon double boilers are typically manufactured from stainless steel and feature perforations for the steam to come through and reach the food.
More information on double boilers